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1. The expansion of the spring washer is generally not the problem of the spring washer itself

2. The spring washer with expansion ring must be subjected to a radial outward tension, which originates from the tightening axial force generated by the tightening torque

3. The outer chamfer of the nut bearing surface produces a radial component of the axial clamping force, which makes the opening of the spring washer swell. The smaller the chamfer diameter, the greater the possibility of ring expansion

4. Adding a flat washer between the nut and the spring washer helps to slow down or prevent the expansion of the ring, but the flat washer is too thin or too soft to prevent the expansion of the ring

5. The hydrogen embrittlement fracture of spring washer is generally caused by unreasonable heat treatment process and the failure to conduct dehydrogenation treatment in time after zinc plating

A large number of experiments and long-term practical experience confirm the above analysis.